I’m not convinced these are discounts you’ve really been ‘waiting 364 days for’, but Apple’s Black Friday deals have gone live this morning. The prices leakedearlier, but hey. If you were looking at buying a new Mac, iPod or the latest iPad, now’s the time, even if the discounts aren’t really that big in terms of percentages. You can also save on a bunch of accessories, ranging from peripherals to iPad Smart Covers and even iTunes Gift Cards. The iPhone gets no Black Friday love.
Washington, D.C. The composition of the Earth’s core remains a mystery. Scientists know that the liquid outer core consists mainly of iron, but it is believed that small amounts of some other elements are present as well. Oxygen is the most abundant element in the planet, so it is not unreasonable to expect oxygen might be one of the dominant “light elements” in the core. However, new research from a team including Carnegie’s Yingwei Fei shows that oxygen does not have a major presence in the outer core. This has major implications for our understanding of the period when the Earth formed through the accretion of dust and clumps of matter. Their work is published Nov. 24 in Nature.
According to current models, in addition to large amounts of iron, the Earth’s liquid outer core contains small amounts of so-called light elements, possibly sulfur, oxygen, silicon, carbon, or hydrogen. In this research, Fei, from Carnegie’s Geophysical Laboratory, worked with Chinese colleagues, including lead author Haijun Huang from China’s Wuhan University of Technology, now a visiting scientist at Carnegie. The team provides new experimental data that narrow down the identity of the light elements present in Earth’s outer core.
With increasing depth inside the Earth, the pressure and heat also increase. As a result, materials act differently than they do on the surface. At Earth’s center are a liquid outer core and a solid inner core. The light elements are thought to play an important role in driving the convection of the liquid outer core, which generates the Earth’s magnetic field.
Scientists know the variations in density and speed of sound as a function of depth in the core from seismic observations, but to date it has been difficult to measure these properties in proposed iron alloys at core pressures and temperatures in the laboratory.
“We can’t sample the core directly, so we have to learn about it through improved laboratory experiments combined with modeling and seismic data,” Fei said.
High-speed impacts can generate shock waves that raise the temperature and pressure of materials simultaneously, leading to melting of materials at pressures corresponding to those in the outer core. The team carried out shock-wave experiments on core materials, mixtures of iron, sulfur, and oxygen. They shocked these materials to the liquid state and measured their density and speed of sound traveling through them under conditions directly comparable to those of the liquid outer core.
By comparing their data with observations, they conclude that oxygen cannot be a major light element component of the Earth’s outer core, because experiments on oxygen-rich materials do not align with geophysical observations. This supports recent models of core differentiation in early Earth under more ‘reduced’ (less oxidized) environments, leading to a core that is poor in oxygen.
“The research revealed a powerful way to decipher the identity of the light elements in the core. Further research should focus on the potential presence of elements such as silicon in the outer core,” Fei said.
###
Portions of this work were supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and the National Basic Research of China, as well as the National Science Foundation and the Carnegie Institution for Science.
The Carnegie Institution for Science (carnegiescience.edu) is a private, nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with six research departments throughout the U.S. Since its founding in 1902, the Carnegie Institution has been a pioneering force in basic scientific research. Carnegie scientists are leaders in plant biology, developmental biology, astronomy, materials science, global ecology, and Earth and planetary science.
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Public release date: 23-Nov-2011 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Washington, D.C. The composition of the Earth’s core remains a mystery. Scientists know that the liquid outer core consists mainly of iron, but it is believed that small amounts of some other elements are present as well. Oxygen is the most abundant element in the planet, so it is not unreasonable to expect oxygen might be one of the dominant “light elements” in the core. However, new research from a team including Carnegie’s Yingwei Fei shows that oxygen does not have a major presence in the outer core. This has major implications for our understanding of the period when the Earth formed through the accretion of dust and clumps of matter. Their work is published Nov. 24 in Nature.
According to current models, in addition to large amounts of iron, the Earth’s liquid outer core contains small amounts of so-called light elements, possibly sulfur, oxygen, silicon, carbon, or hydrogen. In this research, Fei, from Carnegie’s Geophysical Laboratory, worked with Chinese colleagues, including lead author Haijun Huang from China’s Wuhan University of Technology, now a visiting scientist at Carnegie. The team provides new experimental data that narrow down the identity of the light elements present in Earth’s outer core.
With increasing depth inside the Earth, the pressure and heat also increase. As a result, materials act differently than they do on the surface. At Earth’s center are a liquid outer core and a solid inner core. The light elements are thought to play an important role in driving the convection of the liquid outer core, which generates the Earth’s magnetic field.
Scientists know the variations in density and speed of sound as a function of depth in the core from seismic observations, but to date it has been difficult to measure these properties in proposed iron alloys at core pressures and temperatures in the laboratory.
“We can’t sample the core directly, so we have to learn about it through improved laboratory experiments combined with modeling and seismic data,” Fei said.
High-speed impacts can generate shock waves that raise the temperature and pressure of materials simultaneously, leading to melting of materials at pressures corresponding to those in the outer core. The team carried out shock-wave experiments on core materials, mixtures of iron, sulfur, and oxygen. They shocked these materials to the liquid state and measured their density and speed of sound traveling through them under conditions directly comparable to those of the liquid outer core.
By comparing their data with observations, they conclude that oxygen cannot be a major light element component of the Earth’s outer core, because experiments on oxygen-rich materials do not align with geophysical observations. This supports recent models of core differentiation in early Earth under more ‘reduced’ (less oxidized) environments, leading to a core that is poor in oxygen.
“The research revealed a powerful way to decipher the identity of the light elements in the core. Further research should focus on the potential presence of elements such as silicon in the outer core,” Fei said.
###
Portions of this work were supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and the National Basic Research of China, as well as the National Science Foundation and the Carnegie Institution for Science.
The Carnegie Institution for Science (carnegiescience.edu) is a private, nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with six research departments throughout the U.S. Since its founding in 1902, the Carnegie Institution has been a pioneering force in basic scientific research. Carnegie scientists are leaders in plant biology, developmental biology, astronomy, materials science, global ecology, and Earth and planetary science.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
If your interest was piqued by Analogue Interactive’s walnut shelled Neo Geo MVS arcade system, you may want to take a peek at the outfit’s refreshed CMVS slim console. Keeping with the MVS’ hand-crafted theme, the CMVS Slim encases the rig in 100 percent ebonized ash. Or, if you preferred the walnut facade, you can still grab the console in that shade as well (pictured after the break). Unlike the model we saw earlier this year, this kit condenses all of the outputs to a single DIN jack — offering S-video and composite connections via an included cable. Should you be so inclined, you can opt for a cable upgrade to make use of component or SCART connectivity for “the ultimate retro videophile experience.” These classy consoles still bear the same $649 price tag as their plastic predecessor. Want a matching arcade stick? Toss in another two Benjamins. If you’re ready to pull the trigger and pre-order, hit the source link below, and yours will ship in 5-7 weeks.
ST. PAUL, Minn. ? GOP presidential candidate Michele Bachmann lashed out Wednesday at NBC for not apologizing or taking immediate disciplinary action for an off-color song played during her appearance on Jimmy Fallon’s “Late Night.”
In her first comments on the flap, Bachmann said on the Fox News Channel that the Fallon show band displayed sexism and bias by playing a snippet of a 1985 Fishbone song as she walked onstage for Tuesday’s show. The title of the song is “Lyin’ Ass B—-.”
“This is clearly a form of bias on the part of the Hollywood entertainment elite,” Bachmann said. She added, “This wouldn’t be tolerated if this was Michelle Obama. It shouldn’t be tolerated if it’s a conservative woman either.”
She went further on a national radio conservative radio show hosted by Michael Medved, calling the incident “inappropriate, outrageous and disrespectful.”
Fallon has tweeted an apology to Bachmann, saying he was “so sorry about the intro mess.”
Bachmann told Minnesota Public Radio News that Fallon called her on Wednesday to further apologize. She said the comedian told her he was unaware that his show’s band planned to play the song.
On Fox, Bachmann expressed surprise that she’s heard nothing from the TV network. She suggested that discipline for the show’s Roots band was in order. She said she believed Fallon’s comments to be sincere.
One of Bachmann’s congressional colleagues, New York Democrat Nita Lowey, had called on NBC to apologize for its “insulting and inappropriate” treatment of its guest.
An NBC spokeswoman didn’t immediately return a phone message from The Associated Press.
The Roots’ bandleader, Ahmir “Questlove” Thompson, has said the song was a “tongue-in-cheek and spur-of-the-moment decision.”
Bachmann, who is lagging in presidential polls, has spent the week promoting her new autobiography in national television interviews.
___
AP Television Writer David Bauder contributed to this report.
ScienceDaily (Nov. 21, 2011) ? People who believe there is a lot of disagreement among scientists about global warming tend to be less certain that global warming is happening and less supportive of climate policy, researchers at George Mason, San Diego State, and Yale Universities report in a new study published in the journal Nature Climate Change.
A recent survey of climate scientists conducted by researchers at the University of Illinois found near unanimous agreement among climate scientists that human-caused global warming is happening.
This new George Mason University study, however, using results from a national survey of the American public, finds that many Americans believe that most climate scientists actually disagree about the subject.
In the national survey conducted in June 2010, two-thirds of respondents said they either believed there is a lot of disagreement among scientists about whether or not global warming is happening (45 percent), that most scientists think it is not happening (5 percent), or that they did not know enough to say (16 percent.) These respondents were less likely to support climate change policies and to view climate change as a lower priority.
By contrast, survey respondents who correctly understood that there is widespread agreement about global warming among scientists were themselves more certain that it is happening, and were more supportive of climate policies.
“Misunderstanding the extent of scientific agreement about climate change is important because it undermines people’s certainty that climate change is happening, which in turn reduces their conviction that America should find ways to deal with the problem,” says Edward Maibach, director of the Center for Climate Change Communication at George Mason University.
Maibach argues that a campaign should be mounted to correct this misperception. “It is no accident that so many Americans misunderstand the widespread scientific agreement about human-caused climate change. A well-financed disinformation campaign deliberately created a myth about there being lack of agreement. The climate science community should take all reasonable measures to put this myth to rest.”
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Journal Reference:
Ding Ding, Edward W. Maibach, Xiaoquan Zhao, Connie Roser-Renouf, Anthony Leiserowitz. Support for climate policy and societal action are linked to perceptions about scientific agreement. Nature Climate Change, 2011; DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1295
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PARIS ? Danielle Mitterrand, a decorated member of the French Resistance and combative advocate for the poor who broke the mold as first lady alongside France’s first Socialist president, died Tuesday at age 87.
Mitterrand died before dawn after being hospitalized at Georges Pompidou hospital in Paris in recent days for fatigue, her foundation France Libertes said.
An avowed leftist, Mitterrand turned the 14-year tenure of her husband, French President Francois Mitterrand, into her own bully pulpit ? one that long outlasted him.
He died of cancer less than a year after leaving office in 1995. In an especially poignant moment in modern French politics, the widowed Danielle Mitterrand stood before the late president’s coffin alongside his mistress and daughter, whose out-of-wedlock birth and existence were long kept secret from the French public.
A determined if soft-spoken activist, Danielle Mitterrand advocated many left-leaning causes, supporting Marxist rebels in El Salvador and ethnic minorities like Kurds and Tibetans, and vociferously opposing capitalist excess.
Mitterrand created several charities and crisscrossed the world in defense of human rights. She once kissed Cuba’s Fidel Castro on the steps of a residence for visiting dignitaries near the presidential Elysee Palace.
Her foundation said Mitterrand found guidance in a phrase of French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre: “It’s not right to want to heal the suffering of people without committing to fight the very causes of this suffering.”
France Libertes, whose focus has been human rights and had recently made a top priority of getting drinking water to those without it around the world, said Mitterrand left behind “a message of hope.”
Despite her timid demeanor and gentle voice, Mitterrand urged worldwide unity among “new Resisters” to “put an end to economic and financial dictatorship, the henchman of political dictators. Finally, they seem to be shaken by the anger of peoples.”
Well before the Occupy movement took on Wall Street, Mitterrand told Le Figaro newspaper in 1996: “Of course, the world revolves around the Dow Jones, the Nikkei stock index or the CAC 40 (French stock index). …But all around the world, little voices are being raised to say that man is unhappy even if the stock market is doing well.”
She reiterated that theme last month in an interview with RTL radio: “Everybody knows that the foundation of the system today is money: Money is the guru, money decides everything … that’s why we are working to get out of this system.”
Praise and appreciation for her poured in from across France’s political spectrum Tuesday.
President Nicolas Sarkozy’s office said: “Neither the setback or the victory caused her to deviate from the road she had laid for herself: giving a hearing to the voice of those that no one wanted to hear.”
Ever outspoken, in 2008 Mitterrand denounced American support for foes of Bolivia’s leftist president Evo Morales, and accused “fascist gangs” of intimidating native peoples in the South American country.
Thirteen years ago, Mitterrand visited in prison Mumia Abu-Jamal, a former Black Panther who has spent nearly 30 years on death row over his 1982 conviction for killing a white police officer in Philadelphia.
She was no novice at defending her convictions. As a young woman, she was awarded the Croix de Guerre for her work in the Resistance during the Nazi occupation in World War II.
Danielle Emilienne Isabelle Gouze was born Oct. 29, 1924 in Verdun, a town in northeastern France known as one of World War I’s biggest killing fields.
Under the Nazi collaborationist Vichy regime during World War II, her father, a Socialist-leaning school principal, lost his job after refusing a state order to list all Jewish students and teachers for authorities, according to a biographical brief of Mitterrand provided by her foundation.
In March 1944, she went underground in the Burgundy hills with the Resistance. That year, she met and then married Francois Mitterrand, who had joined up under the code name “Francois Morland.” They had three sons together, one of whom, Pascal, died at a young age.
For years, Danielle Mitterrand kept quiet about a secret relationship that her husband had had with Anne Pingeot, a museum curator who was 28 years his junior and mother of his long-secret daughter, Mazarine Pingeot.
As first lady, Mitterrand shucked the tradition of her predecessors who largely kept to the background. In a 1986 interview with The Associated Press, her blue eyes flashed at the suggestion she resembled a high-profile American first lady.
“There is no traditional role” for a first lady, Mitterrand said. “Each woman has her own personality and … acts according to her conscience and her sensibilities.”
Her nephew Frederic Mitterrand, who now serves as culture minister in Sarkozy’s conservative government, told BFM TV that his aunt “did a lot to humanize the role of first ladies.”
She is survived by sons Gilbert and Jean-Christophe. A burial service is planned Saturday in the eastern town of Cluny, her foundation said.
____
Associated Press writer Elaine Ganley in Paris contributed this report.
Teenagers facing the purgatory of braces to fix their misaligned teeth might be able to blame bread for their predicament.
Noreen von Cramon-Taubadel at the University of Kent, UK, measured the shape of 295 human lower jaws from museum specimens. Those that came from agricultural societies were smaller, on average, than those that came from hunter-gatherer societies ? although all carried the same number of teeth.
The differences persisted even after she accounted for the effects of climate, geography and random genetic variation. “Our mouths are now slightly too short for the amount of teeth we have,” she says.
The likeliest explanation is that agricultural diets, which contain large amounts of ground grains, tend to be softer and easier to chew than the wild plant and meat-rich diets of hunter-gatherers. Indeed, animal experiments have shown that the lower jaw grows more slowly in individuals fed a softer diet (Science, DOI: 10.1126/science.7123221). If the same applies to humans it may explain why dental crowding is so common today, von Cramon-Taubadel speculates.
More work is needed to prove the link, though. “The work demonstrates it is possible for diet to affect facial shape,” says Timothy Weaver, a biological anthropologist at the University of California, Davis. That’s different from demonstrating that this is what actually happens in humans, he adds.
Journal reference: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1113050108
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BERLIN ? A 2000 firebomb targeting Russian Jewish immigrants at a Duesseldorf railway station. A 2004 nailbombing in a Cologne immigrant neighborhood. A 2008 fire in a Ludwigshafen apartment building that killed nine Turkish immigrants, including five children.
All unsolved crimes, and all now reopened as the possible work of a small band of neo-Nazis who allegedly killed and terrorized minorities for a decade, undetected by Germany’s thousands of security authorities nationwide before they finally tripped up this month.
Chancellor Angela Merkel has vowed a thorough investigation of the group’s crimes, calling them “a disgrace, shameful for Germany.”
Yet many questions remain. Key among them is whether the group is responsible for deadly hate crimes beyond the 10 deaths for which they are blamed, and whether there are other members or sympathizers still at large. More broadly, the nation is asking how such a group could have been allowed to carry out these crimes undetected for so long.
The case has provoked widespread criticism that in an effort to focus on leftist and Islamic terrorism, authorities have been blind to the threat of the right.
“If this had happened in Turkey, if eight or nine Germans had been killed with the same weapon and if the murderers were not found, all European nations would be up in arms, they would declare Turkey to be a barbarian country not fit to live in,” Elif Kubasik, whose husband Mehmet was killed in April 2006 in a slaying linked to the group, told Turkey’s Sabah daily.
Other families of the nine known minority victims have come forward with tales of how police suspected organized crime, drugs or interethnic rivalries ? anything but far-right violence. Aside from one Greek, all of these victims were of Turkish origin, and the group took responsibility for their deaths in a homemade video. The group is also believed have carried out the 2007 shooting death of a German police officer.
Authorities are now scrambling to determine whether the group was linked to other violent crimes targeting immigrants.
In the amateur DVD, the group also appeared to take credit for a 2004 bombing in the Muelheim district of Cologne, home to many Turks, in which 22 people were injured. The interior minister at the time, Otto Schily, said that attack was likely the work of “not terrorists but the criminal underworld.”
Investigators are also taking a new look at a July 27, 2000, explosion at a rail station in Duesseldorf that injured 10 recent immigrants from the former Soviet Union, six of them Jewish. They have also reopened the investigation of a blaze in 2008 in the southern city of Ludwigshafen, in which five children and four adults ? all ethnic Turks ? died.
“We have a growing scandal,” Justice Minister Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger told the Sueddeutsche Zeitung on Friday. “Thirty-two state police and domestic security offices have not been able to stop a series of far-right extremist murders.”
Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger and Interior Minister Hans-Peter Friedrich held a crisis meeting Friday with representatives of the law enforcement agencies to try to figure out what went wrong, and where.
Although the emphasis is on solving the crimes, they also discussed the possible restructuring of Germany’s complex web of police and security agencies ? a decentralized system set up in a post-World War II attempt to avoid the repeat of the Nazis’ absolute consolidation of power.
“Federal prosecutors have to focus on the crime and its perpetrators,” Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger said Thursday. “Politicians have to answer the question of whether the security structures in Germany can work effectively and efficiently and what changes might be needed.”
The story began to unfold on Nov. 4 with a brazen daylight bank heist in the central city of Eisenach, when two masked men wearing hooded sweat shirts reportedly made off with euro70,000 ($94,360) and police tracked them to a parked mobile home.
As authorities closed in, the mobile home caught fire. After dousing the flames, they found the bodies of two men inside ? Uwe Boehnhardt, 34, and Uwe Mundlos, 38 ? both had been shot in the upper body in an apparent suicide committed before setting the vehicle ablaze.
Several hours later, another fire broke out in an apartment 180 kilometers (110 miles) to the east in Zwickau. The two blazes seemed unrelated, until a pair of pistols were found that linked the two and blew the entire case up, leading authorities to tie the group to the killings of the nine minority victims and the policewoman.
The policewoman’s service weapon was among the charred ruins inside the mobile home. At the burned-out apartment, police found a Czech-made 7.65mm Ceska pistol, known by authorities to be the weapon used in the slaying of the minority victims.
Copies of a self-made propaganda DVD also found among the wreckage tipped police off to the group’s name, the Nationalist Socialist Underground ? a clear reference to the full name of the Nazis ? the “National Socialist” party ? and their extreme nationalist hatred. The video features pictures of the victims from the Ceska-linked killings, and included a cartoon image of the Pink Panther standing next to a sign proclaiming “Germany Tour: 9 Turks shot.” The minority victims were all small businessmen, shot at close range in execution-style killings between 2000 and 2006.
Days after the two fires, 36-year-old Beate Zschaepe turned herself in to police. She has since been charged with membership in a terrorist organization for allegedly co-founding the group with Boehnhardt and Mundlos and for starting the fire in an attempt to destroy evidence.
Though the same pistol was used in all of the killings of the minorities, police could find no other leads and they remained unresolved for years.
Mehmet Kubasik was shot in the head at his greengrocer’s shop in the western city of Dortmund in April 2006. Authorities now believe he was the group’s eighth victim.
Yet German authorities refused to believe that the crime could have been attributed by neo-Nazis, Kubasik’s widow told the Sabah daily in her native Turkey, where she was spending the religious Eid holiday last week.
“Because it could not associate itself with racism, the German government looked the other way for years. They inspected even the dust on the curtains in my home, they even suspected me, but they never considered racism,” Kubasik said.
Such actions are emerging as what one expert has said was a clear tendency among authorities to trivialize the threat of right wing extremists over the last 20 years.
“The danger was not taken seriously by many of the top politicians who carry the responsibility in this country, and partially denied,” said Hajo Funke, a professor at Berlin’s Freie University who is among Germany’s leading experts on the far-right scene.
Federal prosecutors took over the investigation on Nov. 11 under German anti-terrorism laws, looking at the group as a domestic terrorist organization.
In addition to Zschaepe, who so far has refused to make any statement to police, authorities have also arrested a man identified only as 37-year-old Holger G., and charged him with supporting a terror organization.
DENVER (Reuters) ? Sebastian Janikowski drilled an NFL record-tying 63-yard field goal to help lead the Oakland Raiders to a season-opening 23-20 victory over the Denver Broncos on Monday night. The powerful Polish kicker booted the long field goal just … Continue reading →
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Teenagers facing the purgatory of braces to fix their misaligned teeth might be able to blame bread for their predicament. Noreen von Cramon-Taubadel at the University of Kent, UK, measured the shape of 295 human lower jaws from museum specimens. … Continue reading →
I’m not convinced these are discounts you’ve really been ‘waiting 364 days for’, but Apple’s Black Friday deals have gone live this morning. The prices leaked earlier, but hey. If you were looking at buying a new Mac, iPod or the latest iPad, now’s the time, even if the discounts aren’t really that big in terms of percentages. You can also save on a bunch of accessories, ranging from peripherals to iPad Smart Covers and even iTunes Gift Cards. The iPhone gets no Black Friday love.
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